Hi Dominik,
SAP Component Version are stored in Database.
DB tables are
1.) CVERS - For software components
2.) SVERS - For the release
3.) TPFID - System info (instance etc.)
4.) TSLE4 - Operating System
If you want to read the details at OS level by bach, then use SQL statement
SELECT * FROM <SAP Schema>.CVERS
Regards, Praveen